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高丕永英语语法讲义(转载完毕)

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121#
 楼主| 发表于 2005-5-23 14:30 | 只看该作者

Re: 高丕永英语语法讲义

9.6 分词作插入语

  分词作插入语的结构是固定的,意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。例如:

  generally speaking 一般说来

  talking of (speaking of) 说道

  strictly speaking 严格的说

  judging from 从…判断

  all things considered 从整体来看

  taking all things into consideration 全面看来

例如:Judging from his face, he must be ill. 从他的脸色看,他一定是病了。

  Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs. 总的来说,狗比猪跑得快。 (speaking 不是dogs 的动作)
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122#
 楼主| 发表于 2005-5-23 14:33 | 只看该作者

Re: 高丕永英语语法讲义

9.7 分词的时态

1)一般式表示与主语动词同时发生。例如:

  Hearing the news, he jumped with joy.  听到这一消息,他高兴得手舞足蹈。

  Arriving there, they found the boy dead. 一到那儿,他们就发现那男孩死了。

典型例题

  The secretary worked late into the night, ___a long speech for the president.

A. to prepare  B. preparing  C. prepared  D. was preparing 

  答案B. 此处没有连词,不能选D,否则出现了两个谓语动词worked和was preparing。 只能在B,C中选一个。又因前后两个动作同时发生,且与主语为主动关系,应用现在分词。

2)完成时表示先于主语动词发生。例如:

  While walking in the garden,he hurt his leg. 在花园里散步时他伤了腿。

  分词作时间状语,如果先与主动词的动作,且强调先后, 要用having done。

  Having finished his homework, he went out. 做完作业后,他出去了。

  =As he had finished his homework, he went out.

  典型例题

  ___ a reply, he decided to write again. 

A. Not receiving  B. Receiving not  C. Not having received  D. Having not received  

  答案C. 本题考查分词的时态与分词的否定式。根据题意判断,分词的动作(接信)发生在谓语动词的动作(决心再写信)之前,因此用分词的完成式。分词的否定式的构成为not +分词,故选C。该句可理解为:Because he had not received a reply, he decided to write again.
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123#
 楼主| 发表于 2005-5-23 14:35 | 只看该作者

Re: 高丕永英语语法讲义

9.8 分词的语态

1)通常,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动。例如:

He is the man giving you the money.  (= who gave you…)他就是给你钱的那个人。

He is the man stopped by the car.  (= who was stopped by…)他就是那个被车拦住的人。

2)不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生,如gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned等。

例如: a well-read person.  一个读过许多书的人

   a much-traveled may 一个去过许多地方的人

   a burnt-out match   烧完了的火柴
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124#
 楼主| 发表于 2005-5-23 14:45 | 只看该作者

Re: 高丕永英语语法讲义

独立主格

10.1 独立主格

独立主格结构的构成:名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词;

名词(代词)+形容词;

名词(代词)+副词;

名词(代词)+不定式;

名词(代词) +介词短语构成。 

独立主格结构的特点:1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。

   2)名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定式,介词等是主谓关系。

   3)独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。

  例如:

  The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了,我们开始放假。

  The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀了,举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。

  Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 天气允许,我们明天去看你。

  This done, we went home. 工作完成后,我们才回家。

  The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.  会议结束后,每个人都想早点回家。

  He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里,耳朵冻得红通通的。

  He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夹着本厚书,走出了图书馆
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125#
 楼主| 发表于 2005-5-23 14:54 | 只看该作者

Re: 高丕永英语语法讲义

10.2 with的复合结构作独立主格

  表示伴随情况时,既可用分词的独立结构,也可用with的复合结构:with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语。例如:

   He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raise.他举手着站在那儿。

  典型例题

  The murderer was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。

A. being tied  B. having tied  C. to be tied  D. tied  

  答案D. with +名词(代词)+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时,其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词"手"与分词"绑"是被动关系,因此用过去分词,选D.  

注意:

1) 独立主格结构使用介词的问题: 当介词是in时,其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分(如物主代词或冠词),也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制。例如:A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.(hand前不能加his)劫匪冲进房间,手里拿着刀。

  2) 当表示人体部位的词做逻辑主语时,及物动词用现在分词,不及物动词用过去分词。例如:

He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.

他躺在那儿,牙紧咬,双手握拳,两眼直勾勾看着上面。

典型例题:

  Weather___, we'll go out for a walk.

  A permitted  B permitting  C permits  D for permitting

  答案B. 本题中没有连词,它不是复合句,也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗号,且we 小写,可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断,本句中使用的是独立结构,其结构为:名词+分词。 由于permit在这里翻译为'天气允许',表主动,应用现在分词,故选B。

  如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式,不妨将句子改为条件句,例如本句改为If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然后将if 去掉,再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。
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126#
 楼主| 发表于 2005-5-23 14:59 | 只看该作者

Re: 高丕永英语语法讲义

11. 动词的时态

11.1 一般现在时的用法

1) 经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。时间状语: every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如:

   I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。

2) 客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。例如:

  The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。

  Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。

3) 表示格言或警句。例如:

  Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。

  注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。

例:Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。

4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如:

  I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。

  Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错,讲的可不行。

比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。

    I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。

  第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时。
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127#
 楼主| 发表于 2005-5-23 15:09 | 只看该作者

Re: 高丕永英语语法讲义

11.2 一般过去时的用法

1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如:时间状语有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如:

  Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了?

2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。例如:

  When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是个孩子的时候,常在马路上踢足球。

Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.

那时,布朗一家无论什么时候去,都受到热烈欢迎。     

3)句型:It is time for sb. to do sth  "到……时间了"  "该……了"。例如:It is time for you to go to bed.  你该睡觉了。

  It is time that sb. did sth. "时间已迟了"  "早该……了" ,例如It is time you went to bed.   你早该睡觉了。

    would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事'。例如:I'd rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。

4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等,而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在。例如:I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。

比较:Christine was an invalid all her life.(含义:她已不在人间。)

   Christine has been an invalid all her life.(含义:她现在还活着)

   Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)

   Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义:现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去)

注意: 用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。

1)动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如:

    Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗?

    I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。

2)情态动词 could, would。例如:

    Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车,能借用一些吗?
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128#
 楼主| 发表于 2005-5-23 15:12 | 只看该作者

Re: 高丕永英语语法讲义

11.3 used to / be used to

  used to + do:"过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在。例如:

  Mother used not to be so forgetful. 老妈过去没那么健忘。

  Scarf used to take a walk. 斯卡夫过去常常散步。

  be used to + doing: 对……已感到习惯,或"习惯于",to是介词,后需加名词或动名词。例如:

  He is used to a vegetarian diet.  

  Scarf is used to taking a walk. 斯卡夫现在已习惯于散步了。

典型例题   

---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.

---- It's 69568442.      

A. didn't  B. couldn't C. don't D. can't

  答案A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语,但从语意上看出,在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去,因此应用过去时。
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129#
 楼主| 发表于 2005-5-23 15:17 | 只看该作者

Re: 高丕永英语语法讲义

11.4 一般将来时

1) shall用于第一人称,常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称,在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如:

   Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先读哪一段呢?

   Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗?

2) be going to +不定式,表示将来。

  a. 主语的意图,即将做某事。例如:What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢?

  b. 计划,安排要发生的事。例如:The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。

  c. 有迹象要发生的事。例如:Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云,快要下雨了。

 3) be +不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如:

   We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。

4)  be about to +不定式,意为马上做某事。例如:

   He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。

  注意:be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。
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130#
 楼主| 发表于 2005-5-23 15:18 | 只看该作者

Re: 高丕永英语语法讲义

11.5 be going to / will 用于条件句时,be going to表将来,will表意愿。例如:

  If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.

  Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.


11.6 be to和be going to

   be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事,be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。例如:

  I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.  明天下午我去踢球。(客观安排)

  I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我想去踢球。(主观安排)
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131#
 楼主| 发表于 2005-5-23 15:19 | 只看该作者

Re: 高丕永英语语法讲义

11.7 一般现在时表将来

1)下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来,主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如:

   The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。

   When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开?十分钟后。

2)以here, there等开始的倒装句,表示动作正在进行。例如:

    Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了。

    There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 铃响了。

3)在时间或条件句中。例如:

    When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后,让他等我。

    I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里,就写信给你。

4)在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中。例如:

    I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得开心。

    Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 离开房间前,务必把窗户关了。
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132#
 楼主| 发表于 2005-5-23 15:28 | 只看该作者

Re: 高丕永英语语法讲义

11.8 用现在进行时表示将来

  下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时可以表示将来。例如:

  I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。

  Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿呆到下周吗?


11.9 现在完成时

  现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,其结果的影响现在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成:have (has) +过去分词。
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133#
 楼主| 发表于 2005-5-23 15:36 | 只看该作者

Re: 高丕永英语语法讲义

11.10 比较一般过去时与现在完成时

1)一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。

2)一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。

一般过去时的时间状语:yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just now等,皆为具体的时间状语。

现在完成时的时间状语:for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等,皆不确定的时间状语。

共同的时间状语:this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。

3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。

  一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如:

I saw this film yesterday. (强调看的动作发生过了)

I have seen this film. (强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了)

Why did you get up so early? (强调起床的动作已发生过了)

Who hasn't handed in his paper? (强调有卷子未交,疑为不公平竞争)

He has been in the League for three years. (在团内的状态可延续)

He has been a League member for three years. (是团员的状态可持续)

   句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如yesterday, last, week, in 1960)时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时。

(错)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.

(对)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
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134#
 楼主| 发表于 2005-5-23 15:36 | 只看该作者

Re: 高丕永英语语法讲义

11.11 用于现在完成时的句型

1)It is the first / second time.... that…结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时。例如:

It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次访问这城市。

This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。

注意:It was the third time that the boy had been late.

2)This is +形容词最高级+that…结构,that 从句要用现在完成时。例如:

  This is the best film that I've (ever) seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。 

典型例题

(1) ---Do you know our town at all? 

  ---No, this is the first time I ___ here.

A. was  B. have been  C. came  D. am coming

  答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时,故选B。

(2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before?

  ---No, it's the first time I ___ here.

A. even, come  B. even, have come  C. ever, come  D. ever, have come

  答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时,反意词为never,此两词常用于完成时。

  注意:非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。

(错)I have received his letter for a month.

(对)I haven't received his letter for almost a month.
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135#
 楼主| 发表于 2005-5-23 15:39 | 只看该作者

Re: 高丕永英语语法讲义

11.12 比较since和for

Since 用来说明动作起始时间,for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如:
  I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了。
  I have lived here since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这儿了。
  注意:并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。
   I worked here for more than twenty years. (我现在已不在这里工作。)
   I have worked here for many years.(现在我仍在这里工作。)
  注意:用句型转换的方法,很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。
  1)(对) Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
  2)(错) Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
    显然,第二句不对,它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.
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