新 东 方 背 诵 五 十 篇

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25. Movie Music

Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as
"silent", the film has never been, in the full sense of the word,
silent. From the very beginning, music was regarded as an indispensable
accompaniment; when the Lumiere films were shown at the first public
film exhibition in the United States in February 1896, they were
accompanied by piano improvisations on popular tunes. At first, the
music played bore no special relationship to the films; an accompaniment
of any kind was sufficient. Within a very short time, however, the
incongruity of playing lively music to a solemn film became apparent,
and film pianists began to take some care in matching their pieces to
the mood of the film.

As movie theaters grew in number and importance, a violinist, and
perhaps a cellist, would be added to the pianist in certain cases, and
in the larger movie theaters small orchestras were formed. For a number
of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in
the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra, and very often
the principal qualification for holding such a position was not skill or
taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical
pieces. Since the conductor seldom saw the films until the night before
they were to be shown(if indeed, the conductor was lucky enough to see
them then), the musical arrangement was normally improvised in the
greatest hurry.

To help meet this difficulty, film distributing companies started the
practice of publishing suggestions for musical accompaniments. In 1909,
for example, the Edison Company began issuing with their films such
indications of mood as " pleasant", "sad", "lively". The
suggestions became more explicit, and so emerged the musical cue sheet
containing indications of mood, the titles of suitable pieces of music,
and precise directions to show where one piece led into the next.

Certain films had music especially composed for them. The most famous of
these early special scores was that composed and arranged for D.W
Griffith's film Birth of a Nation, which was released in 1915.

Note:
美国通俗音乐分类：
1．Jazz;
1) traditional jazz---- a) blues, 代表人物：Billy Holiday
b)ragtime(切分乐曲): 代表人物：Scott
Joplin
c)New Orleans jazz (= Dixieland jazz)
eg: Louis Armstron
d)swing eg: Glenn Miller, Duke
Ellington, etc.
e)bop (=bebop, rebop) eg: Lester Young, Charlie
Parker etc.
2)modern jazz ------ a) cool jazz(=progressive jazz)高雅爵士乐。 Eg:
Kenny G.
b)third-stream jazz. Eg: Charles
Mingus, John Lewis.
c) main stream jazz.
d)avant-garde jazz.
e) soul jazz. Eg: Sarah Vaughn, Ella
Fitzgerald
f) Latin jazz.
2.gospel music 福音音乐， 主要源于Nero spirituals. Eg. Dolly Parker,
Mahalia Jackson
3.Country and Western music. Eg. John Denver, Tammy Wynette, Kenny
Rogers, etc.
4. Rock music-----------a) rock and roll eg: Elvis Prestley(US) , the
Beatles(UK.)
b)folk rock Eg: Bob Dylon, Michael
Jackson, Mariah Carey, Bruce Springsteen, Lionel Riche etc.
c)punk rock
d)acid rock
e)rock jazz eg: M.J. McLaughlin
f) Jurassic rock
5.Music for easy listening (i.e. light music )

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26. International Business and Cross-cultural Communication

The increase in international business and in foreign investment has
created a need for executives with knowledge of foreign languages and
skills in cross-cultural communication. Americans, however, have not
been well trained in either area and, consequently, have not enjoyed the
same level of success in negotiation in an international arena as have
their foreign counterparts.

Negotiating is the process of communicating back and forth for the
purpose of reaching an agreement. It involves persuasion and compromise,
but in order to participate in either one, the negotiators must
understand the ways in which people are persuaded and how compromise is
reached within the culture of the negotiation.

In many international business negotiations abroad, Americans are
perceived as wealthy and impersonal. It often appears to the foreign
negotiator that the American represents a large multi-million-dollar
corporation that can afford to pay the price without bargaining further.
The American negotiator's role becomes that of an impersonal purveyor
of information and cash.

In studies of American negotiators abroad, several traits have been
identified that may serve to confirm this stereotypical perception,
while undermining the negotiator's position. Two traits in particular
that cause cross-cultural misunderstanding are directness and impatience
on the part of the American negotiator. Furthermore, American
negotiators often insist on realizing short-term goals. Foreign
negotiators, on the other hand, may value the relationship established
between negotiators and may be willing to invest time in it for long-
term benefits. In order to solidify the relationship, they may opt for
indirect interactions without regard for the time involved in getting to
know the other negotiator.

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27. Scientific Theories

In science, a theory is a reasonable explanation of observed events that
are related. A theory often involves an imaginary model that helps
scientists picture the way an observed event could be produced. A good
example of this is found in the kinetic molecular theory, in which gases
are pictured as being made up of many small particles that are in
constant motion.

A useful theory, in addition to explaining past observations, helps to
predict events that have not as yet been observed. After a theory has
been publicized, scientists design experiments to test the theory. If
observations confirm the scientist's predictions, the theory is
supported. If observations do not confirm the predictions, the
scientists must search further. There may be a fault in the experiment,
or the theory may have to be revised or rejected.

Science involves imagination and creative thinking as well as collecting
information and performing experiments. Facts by themselves are not
science. As the mathematician Jules Henri Poincare said, "Science is
built with facts just as a house is built with bricks, but a collection
of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be
called a house."


Most scientists start an investigation by finding out what other
scientists have learned about a particular problem. After known facts
have been gathered, the scientist comes to the part of the investigation
that requires considerable imagination. Possible solutions to the
problem are formulated. These possible solutions are called hypotheses.

In a way, any hypothesis is a leap into the unknown. It extends the
scientist's thinking beyond the known facts. The scientist plans
experiments, performs calculations, and makes observations to test
hypotheses. Without hypothesis, further investigation lacks purpose and
direction. When hypotheses are confirmed, they are incorporated into
theories.

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28.Changing Roles of Public Education

One of the most important social developments that helped to make
possible a shift in thinking about the role of public education was the
effect of the baby boom of the 1950's and 1960's on the schools. In the
1920's, but especially in the Depression conditions of the 1930's, the
United States experienced a declining birth rate --- every thousand
women aged fifteen to forty-four gave birth to about 118 live children
in 1920, 89.2 in 1930, 75.8 in 1936, and 80 in 1940. With the growing
prosperity brought on by the Second World War and the economic boom that
followed it young people married and established households earlier and
began to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the
Depression. Birth rates rose to 102 per thousand in 1946,106.2 in 1950,
and 118 in 1955. Although economics was probably the most important
determinant, it is not the only explanation for the baby boom. The
increased value placed on the idea of the family also helps to explain
this rise in birth rates. The baby boomers began streaming into the
first grade by the mid 1940's and became a flood by 1950. The public
school system suddenly found itself overtaxed. While the number of
schoolchildren rose because of wartime and postwar conditions, these
same conditions made the schools even less prepared to cope with the
food. The wartime economy meant that few new schools were built between
1940 and 1945. Moreover, during the war and in the boom times that
followed, large numbers of teachers left their profession for better-
paying jobs elsewhere in the economy.

Therefore in the 1950's and 1960's, the baby boom hit an antiquated
and inadequate school system. Consequently, the " custodial rhetoric"
of the 1930's and early 1940's no longer made sense that is, keeping
youths aged sixteen and older out of the labor market by keeping them in
school could no longer be a high priority for an institution unable to
find space and staff to teach younger children aged five to sixteen.
With the baby boom, the focus of educators and of laymen interested in
education inevitably turned toward the lower grades and back to basic
academic skills and discipline. The system no longer had much interest
in offering nontraditional, new, and extra services to older youths.

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29 Telecommuting

Telecommuting-- substituting the computer for the trip to the job ----
has been hailed as a solution to all kinds of problems related to office
work.

For workers it promises freedom from the office, less time wasted in
traffic, and help with child-care conflicts. For management,
telecommuting helps keep high performers on board, minimizes tardiness
and absenteeism by eliminating commutes, allows periods of solitude for
high-concentration tasks, and provides scheduling flexibility. In some
areas, such as Southern California and Seattle, Washington, local
governments are encouraging companies to start telecommuting programs in
order to reduce rush-hour congestion and improve air quality.

But these benefits do not come easily. Making a telecommuting program
work requires careful planning and an understanding of the differences
between telecommuting realities and popular images.

Many workers are seduced by rosy illusions of life as a telecommuter. A
computer programmer from New York City moves to the tranquil Adirondack
Mountains and stays in contact with her office via computer. A manager
comes in to his office three days a week and works at home the other
two. An accountant stays home to care for her sick child; she hooks up
her telephone modern connections and does office work between calls to
the doctor.

These are powerful images, but they are a limited reflection of reality.
Telecommuting workers soon learn that it is almost impossible to
concentrate on work and care for a young child at the same time. Before
a certain age, young children cannot recognize, much less respect, the
necessary boundaries between work and family. Additional child support
is necessary if the parent is to get any work done.

Management too must separate the myth from the reality. Although the
media has paid a great deal of attention to telecommuting in most cases
it is the employee's situation, not the availability of technology that
precipitates a telecommuting arrangement.

That is partly why, despite the widespread press coverage, the number of
companies with work-at-home programs or policy guidelines remains small.

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30 The origin of Refrigerators

By the mid-nineteenth century, the term "icebox" had entered the
American language, but ice was still only beginning to affect the diet
of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice trade grew with the
growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by
some forward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter.
After the Civil War( 1861-1865),as ice was used to refrigerate freight
cars, it also came into household use. Even before 1880,half of the ice
sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that
sold in Boston and Chicago, went to families for their own use. This had
become possible because a new household convenience, the icebox, a
precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented.

Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose. In
the early nineteenth century, the knowledge of the physics of heat,
which was essential to a science of refrigeration, was rudimentary. The
commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the ice
from melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice
that performed the cooling. Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice
included wrapping up the ice in blankets, which kept the ice from doing
its job. Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors
achieve the delicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an
efficient icebox.

But as early as 1803, and ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had
been on the right track. He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the
city of Washington, for which the village of Georgetown was the market
center. When he used an icebox of his own design to transport his butter
to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting
stuff in the tubs of his competitors to pay a premium price for his
butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-pound bricks. One advantage of
his icebox, Moore explained, was that farmers would no longer have to
travel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool.

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31 British Columbia

British Columbia is the third largest Canadian provinces, both in area
and population. It is nearly 1.5 times as large as Texas, and extends
800 miles(1,280km) north from the United States border. It includes
Canada's entire west coast and the islands just off the coast.

Most of British Columbia is mountainous, with long rugged ranges running
north and south. Even the coastal islands are the remains of a mountain
range that existed thousands of years ago. During the last Ice Age, this
range was scoured by glaciers until most of it was beneath the sea. Its
peaks now show as islands scattered along the coast.

The southwestern coastal region has a humid mild marine climate. Sea
winds that blow inland from the west are warmed by a current of warm
water that flows through the Pacific Ocean. As a result, winter
temperatures average above freezing and summers are mild. These warm
western winds also carry moisture from the ocean.

Inland from the coast, the winds from the Pacific meet the mountain
barriers of the coastal ranges and the Rocky Mountains. As they rise to
cross the mountains, the winds are cooled, and their moisture begins to
fall as rain. On some of the western slopes almost 200 inches (500cm) of
rain fall each year.

More than half of British Columbia is heavily forested. On mountain
slopes that receive plentiful rainfall, huge Douglas firs rise in
towering columns. These forest giants often grow to be as much as 300
feet(90m) tall, with diameters up to 10 feet(3m). More lumber is
produced from these trees than from any other kind of tree in North
America. Hemlock, red cedar, and balsam fir are among the other trees
found in British Columbia.

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32 Botany

Botany, the study of plants, occupies a peculiar position in the history
of human knowledge. For many thousands of years it was the one field of
awareness about which humans had anything more than the vaguest of
insights. It is impossible to know today just what our Stone Age
ancestors knew about plants, but form what we can observe of pre-
industrial societies that still exist a detailed learning of plants and
their properties must be extremely ancient. This is logical. Plants are
the basis of the food pyramid for all living things even for other
plants. They have always been enormously important to the welfare of
people not only for food, but also for clothing, weapons, tools, dyes,
medicines, shelter, and a great many other purposes. Tribes living today
in the jungles of the Amazon recognize literally hundreds of plants and
know many properties of each. To them, botany, as such, has no name and
is probably not even recognized as a special branch of " knowledge" at
all.

Unfortunately, the more industrialized we become the farther away we
move from direct contact with plants, and the less distinct our
knowledge of botany grows. Yet everyone comes unconsciously on an
amazing amount of botanical knowledge, and few people will fail to
recognize a rose, an apple, or an orchid. When our Neolithic ancestors,
living in the Middle East about 10,000 years ago, discovered that
certain grasses could be harvested and their seeds planted for richer
yields the next season the first great step in a new association of
plants and humans was taken. Grains were discovered and from them flowed
the marvel of agriculture: cultivated crops. From then on, humans would
increasingly take their living from the controlled production of a few
plants, rather than getting a little here and a little there from many
varieties that grew wild- and the accumulated knowledge of tens of
thousands of years of experience and intimacy with plants in the wild
would begin to fade away.

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33 Plankton浮游生物. / 'plжηktэn; `plжηktэn/

Scattered through the seas of the world are billions of tons of small
plants and animals called plankton. Most of these plants and animals are
too small for the human eye to see. They drift about lazily with the
currents, providing a basic food for many larger animals.

Plankton has been described as the equivalent of the grasses that grow
on the dry land continents, and the comparison is an appropriate one. In
potential food value, however, plankton far outweighs that of the land
grasses. One scientist has estimated that while grasses of the world
produce about 49 billion tons of valuable carbohydrates each year, the
sea's plankton generates more than twice as much.

Despite its enormous food potential, little effect was made until
recently to farm plankton as we farm grasses on land. Now marine
scientists have at last begun to study this possibility, especially as
the sea's resources loom even more important as a means of feeding an
expanding world population.

No one yet has seriously suggested that " plankton-burgers" may soon
become popular around the world. As a possible farmed supplementary food
source, however, plankton is gaining considerable interest among marine
scientists.

One type of plankton that seems to have great harvest possibilities is a
tiny shrimp-like creature called krill. Growing to two or three inches
long, krill provides the major food for the great blue whale, the
largest animal to ever inhabit the Earth. Realizing that this whale may
grow to 100 feet and weigh 150 tons at maturity, it is not surprising
that each one devours more than one ton of krill daily.

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34 Raising Oysters

In the oysters were raised in much the same way as dirt farmers raised
tomatoes- by transplanting them. First, farmers selected the oyster bed,
cleared the bottom of old shells and other debris, then scattered clean
shells about. Next, they "planted" fertilized oyster eggs, which
within two or three weeks hatched into larvae. The larvae drifted until
they attached themselves to the clean shells on the bottom. There they
remained and in time grew into baby oysters called seed or spat. The
spat grew larger by drawing in seawater from which they derived
microscopic particles of food. Before long, farmers gathered the baby
oysters, transplanted them once more into another body of water to
fatten them up.

Until recently the supply of wild oysters and those crudely farmed were
more than enough to satisfy people's needs. But today the delectable
seafood is no longer available in abundance. The problem has become so
serious that some oyster beds have vanished entirely.

Fortunately, as far back as the early 1900's marine biologists realized
that if new measures were not taken, oysters would become extinct or at
best a luxury food. So they set up well-equipped hatcheries and went to
work. But they did not have the proper equipment or the skill to handle
the eggs. They did not know when, what, and how to feed the larvae. And
they knew little about the predators that attack and eat baby oysters by
the millions. They failed, but they doggedly kept at it. Finally, in the
1940's a significant breakthrough was made.

The marine biologists discovered that by raising the temperature of the
water, they could induce oysters to spawn not only in the summer but
also in the fall, winter, and spring. Later they developed a technique
for feeding the larvae and rearing them to spat. Going still further,
they succeeded in breeding new strains that were resistant to diseases,
grew faster and larger, and flourished in water of different salinities
and temperatures. In addition, the cultivated oysters tasted better!

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35.Oil Refining

An important new industry, oil refining, grew after the Civil war. Crude
oil, or petroleum - a dark, thick ooze from the earth - had been known
for hundreds of years, but little use had ever been made of it. In the
1850's Samuel M. Kier, a manufacturer in western Pennsylvania, began
collecting the oil from local seepages and refining it into kerosene.
Refining, like smelting, is a process of removing impurities from a raw
material.

Kerosene was used to light lamps. It was a cheap substitute for whale
oil, which was becoming harder to get. Soon there was a large demand
for kerosene. People began to search for new supplies of petroleum.

The first oil well was drilled by E.L. Drake, a retired railroad
conductor. In 1859 he began drilling in Titusville, Pennsylvania. The
whole venture seemed so impractical and foolish that onlookers called it
" Drake's Folly". But when he had drilled down about 70 feet(21
meters), Drake struck oil. His well began to yield 20 barrels of crude
oil a day.

News of Drake's success brought oil prospectors to the scene. By the
early 1860's these wildcatters were drilling for " black gold" all
over western Pennsylvania. The boom rivaled the California gold rush of
1848 in its excitement and Wild West atmosphere. And it brought far more
wealth to the prospectors than any gold rush.

Crude oil could be refined into many products. For some years kerosene
continued to be the principal one. It was sold in grocery stores and
door-to-door. In the 1880's refiners learned how to make other
petroleum products such as waxes and lubricating oils. Petroleum was not
then used to make gasoline or heating oil.

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36.Plate Tectonics and Sea-floor Spreading

The theory of plate tectonics describes the motions of the lithosphere,
the comparatively rigid outer layer of the Earth that includes all the
crust and part of the underlying mantle. The lithosphere(n.[地]岩石圈)is
divided into a few dozen plates of various sizes and shapes, in general
the plates are in motion with respect to one another. A mid-ocean ridge
is a boundary between plates where new lithospheric material is injected
from below. As the plates diverge from a mid-ocean ridge they slide on a
more yielding layer at the base of the lithosphere.

Since the size of the Earth is essentially constant, new lithosphere can
be created at the mid-ocean ridges only if an equal amount of
lithospheric material is consumed elsewhere. The site of this
destruction is another kind of plate boundary: a subduction zone. There
one plate dives under the edge of another and is reincorporated into the
mantle. Both kinds of plate boundary are associated with fault systems,
earthquakes and volcanism, but the kinds of geologic activity observed
at the two boundaries are quite different.

The idea of sea-floor spreading actually preceded the theory of plate
tectonics. In its original version, in the early 1960's, it described
the creation and destruction of the ocean floor, but it did not specify
rigid lithospheric plates. The hypothesis was substantiated soon
afterward by the discovery that periodic reversals of the Earth's
magnetic field are recorded in the oceanic crust. As magma rises under
the mid-ocean ridge, ferromagnetic minerals in the magma become
magnetized in the direction of the magma become magnetized in the
direction of the geomagnetic field. When the magma cools and solidifies,
the direction and the polarity of the field are preserved in the
magnetized volcanic rock. Reversals of the field give rise to a series
of magnetic stripes running parallel to the axis of the rift. The
oceanic crust thus serves as a magnetic tape recording of the history of
the geomagnetic field that can be dated independently; the width of the
stripes indicates the rate of the sea-floor spreading.

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37 Icebergs

Icebergs are among nature's most spectacular creations, and yet most
people have never seen one. A vague air of mystery envelops them. They
come into being ----- somewhere ------in faraway, frigid waters, amid
thunderous noise and splashing turbulence, which in most cases no one
hears or sees. They exist only a short time and then slowly waste away
just as unnoticed.

Objects of sheerest beauty they have been called. Appearing in an
endless variety of shapes, they may be dazzlingly white, or they may be
glassy blue, green or purple, tinted faintly of in darker hues. They are
graceful, stately, inspiring ----- in calm, sunlight seas.

But they are also called frightening and dangerous, and that they are ---
- in the night, in the fog, and in storms. Even in clear weather one is
wise to stay a safe distance away from them. Most of their bulk is
hidden below the water, so their underwater parts may extend out far
beyond the visible top. Also, they may roll over unexpectedly, churning
the waters around them.

Icebergs are parts of glaciers that break off, drift into the water,
float about awhile, and finally melt. Icebergs afloat today are made of
snowflakes that have fallen over long ages of time. They embody snows
that drifted down hundreds, or many thousands, or in some cases maybe a
million years ago. The snows fell in polar regions and on cold
mountains, where they melted only a little or not at all, and so
collected to great depths over the years and centuries.

As each year's snow accumulation lay on the surface, evaporation and
melting caused the snowflakes slowly to lose their feathery points and
become tiny grains of ice. When new snow fell on top of the old, it too
turned to icy grains. So blankets of snow and ice grains mounted layer
upon layer and were of such great thickness that the weight of the upper
layers compressed the lower ones. With time and pressure from above, the
many small ice grains joined and changed to larger crystals, and
eventually the deeper crystals merged into a solid mass of ice.

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38 Topaz

Topaz is a hard, transparent mineral. It is a compound of aluminum,
silica, and fluorine. Gem topaz is valuable. Jewelers call this variety
of the stone "precious topaz". The best-known precious topaz gems
range in color from rich yellow to light brown or pinkish red. Topaz is
one of the hardest gem minerals. In the mineral table of hardness, it
has a rating of 8, which means that a knife cannot cut it, and that
topaz will scratch quartz.

The golden variety of precious topaz is quite uncommon. Most of the
world's topaz is white or blue. The white and blue crystals of topaz
are large, often weighing thousands of carats. For this reason, the
value of topaz does not depend so much on its size as it does with
diamonds and many other precious stones, where the value increases about
four times with each doubling of weight. The value of a topaz is largely
determined by its quality. But color is also important: blue topaz, for
instance, is often irradiated to deepen and improve its color.

Blue topaz is often sold as aquamarine and a variety of brown quartz is
widely sold as topaz. The quartz is much less brilliant and more
plentiful than true topaz. Most of it is variety of amethyst: that heat
has turned brown.

NOTE:
topaz / 'tэupжz; `topжz/ n (a) [U] transparent yellow mineral 黄玉（矿
物）.
(b) [C] semi-precious gem cut from this 黄玉; 黄宝石.

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39 The Salinity of Ocean Waters

If the salinity of ocean waters is analyzed, it is found to vary only
slightly from place to place. Nevertheless, some of these small changes
are important. There are three basic processes that cause a change in
oceanic salinity. One of these is the subtraction of water from the
ocean by means of evaporation--- conversion of liquid water to water
vapor. In this manner the salinity is increased, since the salts stay
behind. If this is carried to the extreme, of course, white crystals of
salt would be left behind.

The opposite of evaporation is precipitation, such as rain, by which
water is added to the ocean. Here the ocean is being diluted so that the
salinity is decreased. This may occur in areas of high rainfall or in
coastal regions where rivers flow into the ocean. Thus salinity may be
increased by the subtraction of water by evaporation, or decreased by
the addition of fresh water by precipitation or runoff.

Normally, in tropical regions where the sun is very strong, the ocean
salinity is somewhat higher than it is in other parts of the world where
there is not as much evaporation. Similarly, in coastal regions where
rivers dilute the sea, salinity is somewhat lower than in other oceanic
areas.

A third process by which salinity may be altered is associated with the
formation and melting of sea ice. When sea water is frozen, the
dissolved materials are left behind. In this manner, sea water directly
materials are left behind. In this manner, sea water directly beneath
freshly formed sea ice has a higher salinity than it did before the ice
appeared. Of course, when this ice melts, it will tend to decrease the
salinity of the surrounding water.

In the Weddell Sea Antarctica, the densest water in the oceans is formed
as a result of this freezing process, which increases the salinity of
cold water. This heavy water sinks and is found in the deeper portions
of the oceans of the world.

NOTE：
salinity / sэ'linэti; sэ`linэti/
n [U] the high salinity of sea water 海水的高含盐量.
-à>>saline / 'seilain; US -li:n; `selin/
1.adj [attrib 作定语] (fml 文) containing salt; salty 含盐的; 咸的:
* a saline lake 盐湖 * saline springs 盐泉
* saline solution, eg as used for gargling, storing contact lenses, etc
盐溶液（如用于漱喉、存放隐形眼镜等）.
2. n [U] (medical 医) solution of salt and water 盐水.