高丕永英语语法讲义（转载完毕）

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15.2 主谓一致中的靠近原则

1）当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。例如：

　There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk. 桌上有一支笔、一把小刀和几本书。

　There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.班上有二十个男孩，二十三个女孩。

2）当either… or… 与neither… nor，连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。如果句子是由here, there引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。例如：

　Either you or she is to go. 不是你去，就是她去。

　Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you. 给你笔、信封和纸。

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15.3 谓语动词与前面的主语一致

当主语有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词组成的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语部分一致。例如：

　 The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. 教师和一些学生在参观工厂。

　 He as well as I wants to go boating.他和我想去划船。

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15.4 谓语需用单数

1）代词each以及由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语时，或主语中含有each, every时, 谓语需用单数。例如：

　 Each of us has a tape-recorder. 我们每人都有录音机。

　 There is something wrong with my watch. 我的表坏了。

2）当主语是一本书或一条格言时，谓语动词常用单数。例如：

　 The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. 《天方夜谭》是英语爱好者熟悉的一本书。

　3）表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单数。例如：

　 Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. 用三个星期来做准备。

　 Ten yuan is enough. 十元够了。

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15.5 指代意义决定谓语的单复数

1）代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。例如：

All is right.　一切顺利。

All are present.　人都到齐了。

2）集体名词作主语时，谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后，谓语动词用复数形式时强调这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时强调该集体的整体。例如：

　　 His family isn't very large. 他家成员不多。

　　 His family are music lovers.　他家个个都是音乐爱好者。

　 但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。例如：

　　 Are there any police around? 附近有警察吗？

3）有些名词，如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数，有时看作复数。例如：

　 A number of +名词复数+复数动词。

　 The number of +名词复数+单数动词。

　 A number of books have lent out.

　 The majority of the students like English.

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15.6 与后接名词或代词保持一致

1）用half of, most of, none of, heaps of, lots of, plenty of 等引起主语时，谓语动词通常与of后面的名词/代词保持一致。例如：

　 Most of his money is spent on books. 他大部分的钱化在书上了。

Most of the students are taking an active part in sports. 大部分学生积极参与体育运动。

2）用a portion of, a series of, a pile of, a panel of 等引起主语时，谓语动词通常用单数。例如：

A series of accidents has been reported. 媒体报道了一连串的事故。

A pile of lots was set beside the hearth. 炉边有一堆木柴。

3）如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的短语作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than… of 作主语时，动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。例如：

　 Many a person has read the novel.　许多人读过这本书。

　 More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生来自这个城市。

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16. 虚拟语气

1）虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。虚拟语气在条件句中应用比较多。

2）条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。

　

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16.1 真实条件句用于陈述语气，假设的情况有可能发生。各种结构参见下表：

句型 条件从句 主句

---------------一般现在时 shall/will + 动词原形

------------------------------------祈使句

------------------------------------情态动词一般现在时


例如：If he comes, he will bring his violin. 如果他来，会带小提琴来的。

　 典型例题

　 The volleyball match will be put off if it ___.　

A.　will rain　 B. rains　 C. rained　 D. is rained

　 答案B。真实条件句主句为将来时，从句用一般现在时。

注意：

1）在真实条件句中，主句不能用be going to表示将来，该用shall, will.

　 （错） If you leave now, you are never going to regret it.

　 （对） If you leave now, you will never regret it.

2）表示真理时，主句谓语动词不用shall （will） +动词原形，而直接用一般现在时的动词形式。

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16.2 非真实条件句

1）虚拟语气可以表示过去，现在和将来的情况，时态的基本特点是时态往后推移。

a. 与现在事实相反的假设

条件从句 主句

一般过去时（be用were） should（would）等 +动词原形


例如：If they were here, they would help you. 如果他们在这儿，会帮助你的。

含义：They are not here, they can't help you.

b. 与过去事实相反的假设

条件从句 主句

过去完成时 should（would）等+ have+ 过去分词


例如：If he had come yesterday, I should / would have told him about it.如果他昨天来的话，我会把这件事告诉他的。

　 　 含义：He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it.

c. 表示对将来不大可能发生的事情的假想

条件从句 主句

一般过去时 should/would等 + 动词原形
were+ 不定式
should+ 动词原形


例如：If you succeeded, everything would be all right. 如果你将来成功了，一切都会好的。

　 If you should succeed, everything would be all right.

If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.

含义：You are not likely to succeed, everything will be what it is now.

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16.3 混合条件句

有时，主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，主句从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这种条件句叫做混合条件句。例如：

　　If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now. 如果你昨天问过他，今天就知道做什么了。

　 （从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。）

　　If it had rained last night（过去）, it would be very cold today （现在）.如果昨晚下过雨，今天就会很冷了。

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16.4 虚拟条件句的倒装

　　虚拟条件句的从句部分含有were, should, 或had时, 可省略if，再把were, should或had 移到从句的句首，实行倒装。例如：

　 Were they here now, they could help us. =If they were here now, they could help us.他们现在在的话，就会帮助我们了。

　 Had you come earlier, you would have met him. =If you had come earlier, you would have met him.你来得早一点，就碰到他了。

　 Should it rain, the crops would be saved. =Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.假如下雨，庄稼就有救了。

注意：在虚拟语气的从句中，动词'be'的过去时态一律用"were"，不用was，即在从句中be用were代替。例如：

　　 If I were you, I would go to look for him. 如果我是你，就会去找他。

　　 If he were here, everything would be all right. 如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。

　　典型例题

　 _____ to do the work, I should do it some other day.

A. If were I　　 B. I were　C. Were I　D. Was I

答案C. 在虚拟条件状语中如果有were, should, had这三个词，通常将if省略，主语提前, 变成 were, should, had +主语的形式。但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说 Were I not to do, 而不能说 Weren't I to do。

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16.5 特殊的虚拟语气词should

1）在主语从句中的应用

It is demanded / necessary / a pity + that…等结构的主语从句，谓语动词用should 加动词原形，should 可省略。

It is *** that (should) do

可用的词有三类

suggested, ordered, required, proposed, demanded, requested, insisted等

important, necessary, natural, imperative, strange等

a pity, a shame, no wonder等


2）在宾语从句中的应用

在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中，像order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist + （should） do等。例如：

　I suggest that we （should） hold a meeting next week. 我建议下周召开个会议。

　 He insisted that he （should ） be sent there.他要求被派到那儿去。

　 注意：如suggest, insist不表示"建议" 或"坚持要某人做某事时"，即它们用于其本意"暗示、表明"、"坚持认为"时，宾语从句用陈述语气。

　 判断改错： （错） You pale face suggests that you（should）be ill.

（对） Your pale face suggests that you are ill.

　 （错） I insisted that you（should）be wrong.

　 （对） I insisted that you were wrong.

3）在表语从句，同位语从句中的应用

suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，即（should）+动词原形。例如：

　　 My idea is that we（should）get more people to attend the conference.我的想法是让更多的人来参加会议。

　　 I make a proposal that we（should）hold a meeting next week.我提了个建议，下周我们开个会。

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16.6 wish的用法

1）wish后面的从句，表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为：


------------------------------------------------------ 主句 从句

从句动作先于主句动词动作（be的过去式为 were） 现在时 过去时

从句动作与主句动作同时发生（had + 过去分词） 过去时 过去完成时

将来不大可能实现的愿望 将来时 would/could +动词原形


例如：I wish I were as tall as you.　我希望和你一样高。

　 He wished he hadn't said that. 他希望他没讲过那样的话。

　 I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。

2）wish to do；wish sb / sth to do。例如：

　 I wish to see the manager. = I want to see the manager. 我希望见一见经理。

　 I wish the manager to be informed at once. （= I want the manager to be informed at once.）我希望经理能马上得到消息。

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16.7 比较if only与only if

　　only if表示"只有"；if only则表示"如果……就好了"。If only也可用于陈述语气。例如：

　　I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。

　　If only the alarm clock had rung.　　　当时闹钟响就好了。

　　If only he comes early.　　　　　　　但愿他早点回来。

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16.8 It is （high） time that

　 It is （high） time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。例如：

　 It is time that the children went to bed. 孩子们该睡觉了。

　 It is high time that the children should go to bed.

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16.9 need "不必做"和"本不必做"

　 didn't need to do表示过去不必做某事, 事实上也没做。

　 needn't have done表示过去不必做某事, 但事实上做了。例如：

John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she didn't need to walk back home.

约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她不必步行回家了。

　 John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she needn't have walked back home.

约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她本不必步行回家了。 （Mary步行回家了，没有遇上John的车。）

典型例题

　 There was plenty of time. She ___.

A. mustn't have hurried　 B. couldn't have hurried　　C. must not hurry　 D. needn't have hurried

　 答案D。needn't have done. 意为"本不必"，即已经做了某事，而时实际上不必要。

　 Mustn't have done 用法不正确，对过去发生的事情进行否定性推断应为couldn't have done, "不可能已经"。 must not do 不可以（用于一般现在时）。